Complex Sentences: Adverbial Clauses
The third kind of dependent clause is the adverbial clause — it modifies the verb of the independent clause, telling when, where, why, how, how long, or showing contrast or concession. If it comes before the independent clause, use a comma; if after, no comma: Whenever a plate moves suddenly, an earthquake can occur / An earthquake can occur whenever a plate moves suddenly.
| Type | Introduced by | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Time | when, whenever, while, after, until | Whenever a plate moves, a quake can occur. |
| Place | where, wherever | Consumers shop wherever prices are lowest. |
| Reason | because, since, as | Since people lack awareness, government must act. |
| Result | so … that, such … that | The readings were so inaccurate that they were discarded. |
| Purpose | so that, in order that | Precautions were taken so that results would be accurate. |
| Manner | as, as if, as … as | The reactants were placed as quickly as possible. |
| Contrast | while, whereas | Ordinary writing is simple, whereas academic writing is complex. |
| Concession | although, even though, though | Even though it is complex, it should stay clear. |
Tip: A leading adverbial clause needs a comma; a trailing one usually does not. Use concession clauses (although, even though) to admit a point while still making yours.
Common mistake: Pairing a concession word with but ("Although it is complex, but it should be clear"). Use only one connector: Although it is complex, it should be clear.
✏️ Test Yourself
1. "Because people lack awareness…"
2. "The readings were so inaccurate that they were discarded."
3. "…whereas academic writing is complex."
4. "Even though it is complex…"
📒 Words to learn
Meaning — In a serious and sincere manner.
Synonyms: Seriously, Sincerely
“He earnestly apologized for his mistake.”
Meaning — Be deliberately ambiguous to mislead.
Synonyms: Evade, Lie
“She tends to prevaricate when confronted with difficult questions.”
Meaning — Feel bitter or indignant about.
Synonyms: Dislike, Begrudge
“He began to resent his colleague’s constant criticism.”
Meaning — Invulnerable to fear or intimidation.
Synonyms: Fearless, Brave
“The dauntless soldier continued the mission despite the risks.”
Meaning — Uninterested due to frequent exposure.
Synonyms: Indifferent, Unimpressed
“He was blasé about the luxurious trip since he had visited the place before.”