Clauses: Independent & Dependent
A clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb. There are two kinds.
| Clause | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Independent (main) | a complete thought; can stand alone | I was tired. |
| Dependent (subordinate) | not complete; needs a main clause | because I was tired |
I went home (independent) because I was tired (dependent).
When the bell rang (dependent), the students left (independent).
A dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction (because, when, if, although…) or a relative pronoun (who, which, that).
Tip: Ask: "Does this make complete sense on its own?" If yes → independent. If it leaves you waiting for more → dependent.
Common mistake: Writing a dependent clause as a full sentence (a fragment): "Because I was tired." → Join it to a main clause: "I slept early because I was tired."
✏️ Test Yourself
1. She smiled.
2. when he arrived
3. They won the match.
4. although it was raining
📒 Words to learn
Meaning — the state of being prosperous.
“We can bring prosperity in our country by doing justice.”
Meaning — a person, thing, or circumstance causing inconvenience
“If you don’t want to see nuisance in your life then don’t hope on others.”
Meaning — the expression of approval .
“We have assented to play with Malir team.”
Meaning — say something in a low or barely audible voice.
“Don’t mutter in front of me.”
Meaning — oney, especially when gained in a dishonest or dishonorable way.
“Pelf makes the world go around.”